Cinematologists: Knowing Sounds

The ability to manipulate speech sounds depends on knowing alphabetic writing.

Chinese adults literate only in Chinese characters could not add or delete individual consonants in spoken Chinese words. A comparable group of adults, literate in alphabetic spelling as well as characters, could perform the same tasks readily and accurately. The two groups were similar in education and experience but differed in age and consequently in whether they had learned an alphabetic wr...

Knowing a word affects the fundamental perception of the sounds within it.

Understanding spoken language is an exceptional computational achievement of the human cognitive apparatus. Theories of how humans recognize spoken words fall into two categories: Some theories assume a fully bottom-up flow of information, in which successively more abstract representations are computed. Other theories, in contrast, assert that activation of a more abstract representation (e.g....

Knowing How vs . Knowing That

More than forty years after Gilbert Ryle published his paper on "Knowing How and Knowing That" in 1945, 1 the problem of practical knowledge has still failed to establish for itself a secure position in the field of problems dealt with by analytic philosophers. Thus even today it can safely be asserted that it is discursive or theoretical knowledge, knowledge linguistically expressed, above all...

Emancipatory knowing: Hidden necessity

Background & Aim: Knowledge patterns in nursing are key foundation elements for the development of knowledge and practice. Carper identified four fundamental knowledge patterns; empirical, personal, ethical and aesthetic. Chain and Kramer added the pattern of emancipatory knowledge to Carperchr('39')s patterns. The pattern of emancipatory knowledge in nursing has been neglected. The aim of this...

Knowing Me, Knowing You: Networks of Cooperation